When Spiritual Crises Show Up in the Mental Health System
When Spiritual Crises Show Up in the Mental Health System
Spiritual “emergencies” require understanding from mental health professionals.
Posted February 10, 2022 | By: Robert T Muller Ph.D.
Originally published at Psychology Today, Feb. 10, 2022. Co-authored by Lotus Huyen Vu and Robert T. Muller, Ph.D.
KEY POINTS
- Few psychiatrists or psychologists are properly trained in diagnosing and treating religious and spiritual problems.
- A spiritual crisis may involve experiences of extrasensory perception, disorganized behaviour, and illogical spiritual thoughts and beliefs.
- The vast majority of spiritual experiences are not problematic.
This is what Anna (name changed) said in an interview about her experience of undergoing a spiritual “emergency” and how her situation was mishandled by the psychiatric establishment. Despite it being listed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) under “Religious and Spiritual Problems,” few psychiatrists or psychologists are properly trained in diagnosing and treating this condition.
Source: Mohamed Nohassi/Unsplash, Creative Commons
As defined by Stanislav Grof in 1989, a spiritual crisis is a process involving experiences of extrasensory perception, disorganized behaviour, and unusual or illogical thoughts and beliefs containing strong spiritual content. These troubling presentations can occur when spiritual experiences are not well integrated, or progress too quickly, resulting in psychological difficulties.
The vast majority of spiritual experiences are not problematic. Practices such as meditation, yoga, tai chi, chi gong, and psychedelic drug use have long been a part of spiritual and mystical practices in Asian and Indigenous cultures. These techniques are intended to induce spiritual awakening and an expansion of awareness called spiritual emergence: a life-enhancing aspect of human development through which we seek meaning and connection beyond our personal identities.
Risks With Spiritual Emergence
People are increasingly using these traditional spiritual practices for stress relief or exercise; however, the average person who engages in these practices might not be aware of the risks involved. When spiritual emergence occurs, it can cause distress, or even a spiritual emergency, due to the confusion that comes with a lack of context for these practices.
Many mental health practitioners may identify as atheists or agnostics with no religious or spiritual backgrounds and have little to no formal training on dealing with this condition. However, 89 percent of the U.S. general public reported having some form of religious or spiritual belief. When spirituality intersects with modern mental health models, clients may be left with inadequate support, or negatively affected by the treatment experience. Anna describes her experience of feeling unaccepted for her spiritual beliefs:
I was fraught with anxiety for most of my life. I learned meditation and it helped. I had expansive experiences of bliss, peace and contentment. With the oneness experience, I also sensed that flowers, trees, objects were alive and talking to me. Although I had trouble sleeping, I felt happy, with new sense of purpose. When I told my family about my experiences, they had me hospitalized, drugged, and I was diagnosed with a manic psychotic episode.
Kylie Harris, an independent psychology researcher and writer, shares her views on mental health and spirituality:
When people go through these experiences they may appear chaotic, despite the situation being symbolically meaningful to them. People in spiritual emergencies need the space to explore the meaning of their experiences without judgement or being told they need to be institutionalized and medicated. This is very different from typical psychosis in which a positive exploratory attitude, insight into one’s experience, and significant meaning for one’s life are usually not considered. Interpretations by either psychiatric professionals or spiritual leaders can lead to a psychiatric diagnosis, or conversely, a desire to explore the hidden meanings of life.
In some traditional communities, people experiencing spiritual emergencies are taken to a shaman or priest who gives context to their experiences and helps integrate them. Often, they are removed from others for a period of time and then returned when they have fully integrated these experiences. Harris explains:
Indigenous cultures treat these experiences as a calling for individuals to become a healer or a shaman. In traditional Indigenous cultures, these individuals are revered rather than pathologized, as is the norm in Western culture.
Cultural, Spiritual, and Religious Competency
Spiritual emergencies can happen to theists, atheists, and agnostics alike. Many occur spontaneously through the natural course of life. There is a need for cultural, spiritual, and religious competency in mental health practitioners, including the ability to treat clients while taking their beliefs and the meaning they derive from them into account, all of which can benefit therapeutic outcomes.
David Lukoff, professor, researcher, clinical psychologist, and co-author of the DSM’s “Religious and Spiritual Problems” section, has worked for 30 years to bring awareness to these conditions. In an interview, he shares:
In traditional societies, people who have had these spiritual emergency experiences do much better with community support in spiritual and religious contexts that better understand and support these experiences. Mental health professionals need to know the role that religious and spiritual beliefs and practices play in their clients’ lives, and how to identify and help their clients handle these challenging experiences.
Lukoff is currently involved as a part of the task force to educate and promote spiritual, religious, and cultural competency for psychologists and psychiatrists. Experiences such as that of Anna shouldn’t be a common occurrence in mental health treatment of spiritual emergency but the exception.
Copyright Robert T. Muller
References
Lotus Huyen Vu is a contributing writer at The Trauma and Mental Health Report.
